Avoidance learning is part of an organism’s survival instinct, as it develops a response to evade a hostile stimulus before it happens. After experiencing an unpleasant stimulus, organisms start to ...

If humans or animals eat something that causes them to feel unwell, they subsequently avoid this food source. Until now, it ...

A new study from Northwestern University has provided insight into how dopamine, a neurotransmitter often associated with reward, also plays a critical role in helping animals avoid harm. The research ...