Non-immune cells play a crucial and often underappreciated role in host defense against invading pathogens. Beyond serving as passive physical barriers, ...

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) play central roles in immune recognition, engaging diverse endogenous and exogenous ligands through their C-type lectin-like ...

Before invaders can be stopped, they must first be detected, and this is accomplished by pattern recognition receptors located on the surface of plant cells. The ability of these receptors to detect ...

Accurate measurement of HMGB-1, neopterin and sIL-2R supports reliable assessment of immune activation across clinical and ...