Estradiol: 2-14 ng/dL (female, follicular); 2-16 ng/dL (female, luteal); <3.5 ng/dL (postmenopausal); 1.5-5 ng/dL (male) ...

Laboratory testing supports most clinical decision-making; however, the concept of a fixed “normal” value is theoretical. Studies have suggested that approximately 7 out of 10 clinical decisions rely ...

Although clinicians understand the importance of reference ranges for the interpretation of laboratory results, they may not consider that a borderline result outside the analytically valid reference ...

You receive a phone call: the results from routine blood tests show a “low white cell count”. Your doctor explains that more investigations are necessary, perhaps a referral to the haematologists.