So you have an old tube-type transmitter as a backup. It ran perfectly when you last turned it on two years ago to substitute for your then-ailing solid-state main transmitter. Now you need it again.

I have written in the past regarding air chains, and how to eliminate single points of failure (SPOF). I’m a fan of using multiple, parallel air chains, but each should be simplified as much as ...

Modern substation control and communication have revolutionized the ability to troubleshoot system faults and mis-operations. Event fault records and documenting every input and output provide ...